Business Types of Companies and Sole Proprietorship

BB003 Chapter 05 Choosing a Form of Business Ownership True / False Questions 1. The corporation is the most common form of business ownership. True False 2. The three major forms of business ownership in the U.S. are sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. True False 3. Few people today start their own business. True False 4. Once a business is established, its almost impossible to change from one form of business ownership to another. True False 5. When two or more people legally agree to become co-owners of a business, the form of business is called a partnership. True False 6. A legal entity with authority to act and have liability separate from its owners is called a partnership. True†¦show more content†¦Unfortunately, the type of business he wants to start would require a fairly high initial investment and Rocky has a poor credit rating and very little personal wealth. Rocky would be unlikely to find success if he organized his business as a sole proprietorship. True False 25. A general partner takes an active role in the management of the business. True False 26. All partners in a general partnership have limited liability for the debts of their firm. True False 27. In a general partnership, all partners share in management of the business and in the liability for the firms debts. True False 28. In a general partnership, all partners are entitled to an equal share of the firms profits. True False 29. Limited partnerships are just like general partnerships, except that they are partners for a limited time period. True False 30. A limited partner is an owner who assumes no management responsibility and has no liability for losses beyond the amount invested. True False ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Multiple Choice Questions 1. The __________ is the most common form of business ownership. A. partnership B. corporation C. joint venture D. sole proprietorship 2. A ___________ is a form of business that is owned, and usually managed, by one person. A. closed corporation B. subchapter S corporation C. sole proprietorship D. limited partnership 3.Show MoreRelatedEssay On Business Structure1350 Words   |  6 PagesWhen brainstorming to start a business, it is essential to research the most efficient way to start a company and all the liabilities that can happen. Business can become successful with the right person in place and a unique idea. When making a company, it is crucial to determine the structure, which organization to start with and the liability that is involved. When taking a closer look at five different company structures Sole Proprietorship, General Partnership, Limited Partnership, S/C CorporationRead MoreThe Legal Forms Of Business1329 Words   |  6 Pagesforms of business, which consist of sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. 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Sole proprietorship †¢ A business that is just owned by only one person, who receives all the profit for everything. Example of a sole proprietorship can be a hairdresser that buys a chair for their business and can get customers directly for them. 2. Partnership †¢ When

Persuasive Essay On Pollution - 2471 Words

We live in a world that offers so many things to us. A home, food, water, life itself, yet we don t take much care of it and are destroying it instead. The presence of pollution has been around for such a great amount of time now that you would expect us as humans, to start noticing the mass destruction we are causing and start doing something about it. Glaciers are melting, water levels are rising, the water and air around is being polluted if it s not polluted already. There is little being done to try and stop or at least slow down this fatal event. If we do not start taking care of our own home, we will soon be left with no home at all, and the only one’s we can blame for that, is ourselves. One of the many things that has been†¦show more content†¦This has been done over and over again throughout the years. All though plastic is biodegradable, it takes an average of 450 years for it to do so. Some bottles can take up to 1000 years for this to happen. By that time our planet will not be able to support such thing and will give up on us. Plastic usually breaks down into smaller and smaller pieces of plastic over the years before it to fully biodegrade. These tiny pieces of plastic are eaten by so many marine animals that live around them and every single animal that eats these tiny pieces are affected by it and many times die. All these tons of plastic don’t just disappear or get eaten by the animals though, they accumulate. The great pacific garbage patch is an example of this happening. This area is around 7 million tons heavy and twice the size of texas, it can also get 9 feet deep. Facts say that there is 6 times more plastic than plankton. In case you didn t know, plankton is the main food for many animals living in the ocean, from small fish to the great whale shark depend on plankton to stay alive. The great coral reef is an example of what the pollution in the ocean can do. The great barrier reef is considered the largest living thing in the whole world. All though it’s considered pretty young, it is around 500,000 years old. The reef is located off the coast of Northeastern Australia. Every part of the reef takes a couple of thousands of years to be formed. It is one of many beauties that nature has toShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Water Pollution1722 Words   |  7 Pageswe need water to survive, then why are polluting it? Most of our nation’s waterways are in terrible condition because of the pollution in the water. Water pollution not only can cause illnesses, but also deaths for humans. Humans aren’t the only thing that water pollution causes harm to. It is also hurting our ecosystem. Humans are the leading cause of most water pollution. We keep throwing wastes into the water making the water unsafe for humans to drink. Scientists are coming up with ways for humansRead MorePersuasive Essay On Ocean Pollution941 Words   |  4 Pagesland† (â€Å"Marine Problems†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ).   Pollution is mainly coming from the people. Marine pollution should be stopped because it is the cause of many problems and if something is done about it, people will see an increase in sea life and healthier waters. It makes its way into the ocean and kills marine life. Ocean pollution is affecting the way of fisherman and their everyday lives. It is also very bad on the community because pollution is very bad on tourism. Ocean pollution should be stopped because itRead MorePersuasive Essay On Plastic Pollution1111 Words   |  5 Pagesof plastic pollution are strictly from humans from littering, and improper trash removal. Fines are given to people who litter. Companies have laws to follow that are supposed to ensure proper removal of waste. However, the actions being used to solve the problem are not doing enough. Plastic is still cont inuously filling the water at increasing rates year and every year and by every single country. As more countries develop, more plastic is poured into the oceans. Due to human pollution, the marineRead MorePersuasive Essay On Air Pollution1304 Words   |  6 Pagesdeaths? Did you know there is something CNN reported that caused around 8 million deaths in 2012. CNN says this is the reason for 1 in every 8 deaths. Do you know what it is? It is actually air pollution. I want you think about yourself and 7 close friends, statistics say that one of you will die from air pollution. Is that not sad? There is something we can do but you have to be willing to do something about it. Now, we may not be able to help on an international scale but we can help our local areaRead MorePersuasive Essay On Air Pollution1099 Words   |  5 PagesPollution is a highly increasing, man- made issue that is continually degrading the quality of the environment. Ocean pollution, industrialization and air po llution are intertwining significant causes to large degradation of the health status of our oceans, air, and people. Polluting one landmark of the Earth creates an even more dangerous lasting impact on the others. Pollution is continually becoming an issue that could potentially become irreversible if immediate actions are not taken. It is urgentRead MorePersuasive Essay On Air Pollution1524 Words   |  7 PagesWhat comes to your mind when you think of pollution? Is it air pollution? Is it water pollution? Both of these are crucial to understand and should pop into your head when think of pollution. According to Merriam-Webster, pollution is â€Å"the action of polluting especially by environmental contamination with man-made waste; also: the condition of being polluted.† I would like the audience to use this definition to further their understanding of what pollution is. This could be anything from an inconsiderateRead MorePersuasive Essay About Pollution1834 Words   |à ‚  8 PagesInteresting in the pollution topic. There are many problems of pollution specially on Los Angeles. Because their problems caused about the air pollution and another environment in the world that we should to reduce it around us. Pollution is killing a several people around the world in a year. It is harmful effects on peoples health and the environment. According to NPR, â€Å"some scenes in the film are shocking, including a visit to a hospital operating room, where viewers see the damage China’s pollutedRead MorePersuasive Speech: We Must Control Air Pollution Essay666 Words   |  3 Pagesaction now to control air pollution The topic I have chosen for today is something we all take for granted-the air. Most of us hardly ever think about it. Its just something we take for granted. But the air we breathe carries pollutants that can be bad for our health. 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Ethical Concerns And Risk Of New Start-Up Business In Australia

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Concerns And Risk Of New Start-Up Business In Australia. Answer: Introduction The advent of globalization and the recent advancements in the technological fields have drastically changed the way the various companies transact their business (Franks et al. 2014). In addition to this, it is seen that the on a yearly basis various new business organizations are coming into business every year. The establishment of these new start-up companies poses a serious threat to the already established ones on account of the innovative strategies which they use for the conduct of their business (Cannone and Ughetto 2014). However, it is seen that the majority of these companies fail to sustain themselves in the business world and therefore had to close down their business operations within a very short period (Cannone and Ughetto 2014). There are various considerations which these new start-up business organizations need to take into consideration like the formulation and the implementation of various innovative strategies in order to sustain themselves in the competitive m arket, the identification of the business risks which might have an impact on the business and the development of effective strategies for the mitigation of those risks (Franks et al. 2014). This particular report will try to analyze the risks as well as the ethical issues faced by the new start-up companies of Australia like PurePonics, Afterpay, Uptick and others. Risk Assessment Risk is defined as the situation in which a business organization stands to gain or lose a considerable thing. It is commonly seen that with the concept of risk various negative connotations are attached. However, the business organizations stand to gain something or the other by means of the risks which they face. Therefore, in the opinion of many scholars as well as critics risks are the potential situations from which a business organization can gain significantly (Sigala 2017). In other words, the various risks and their effective mitigation can be seen as potential future opportunities. It is significant to note that the various new start-up companies face more risks in comparison to the already well-established ones (Franks et al. 2014). For example, the risks which a start-up company faces in a particular sector might not be the same as the risks faced by the other start-up companies in other sectors of the business. The start-up company PurePonics operational in the nation of Australia was founded by Steve Gleeson and Paul Hopper in the year 2016 and provides services to the customers in the food sector (Kuivalainen, Saarenketo and Puumalainen 2012). The main tagline of the company is More taste, less waste and grown close to where you live and eat. The company currently is looking for more investment to accelerate their expansion across Australia and beyond (Kuivalainen, Saarenketo and Puumalainen 2012). However, there are some risks also associated with the process which the investors need to take into consideration. The top three risks involved in the process are- The primary risk which the investors need to take into consideration is the risks from the various competitors of this particular new start-up company in the same food sector. Another risk factor which the investors need to take into consideration is terms of the sustainability of this particular company as it is seen that the majority of the start-up companies do not sustain long in the business. Another factor which the investors need to take into consideration is the fact that this particular company depends on the innovative technologies for the production of food items, an idea which is not much welcomed by the majority of the people (Otim et al. 2012). Therefore, the company will have a very limited customer base which is likely to hurt the prospects of the company in the longer run. The company Uptick, on the other hand, offers a suite of cloud-based solutions for organizations that manage, maintain and audit buildings(Uptick.com. 2018). The company in the recent has done good business in the nation of Australia. However, the risk which this particular company faces is significant and some of the risks which the company faces at the moment are listed below- The primary risk which the company is from the threat from the well established companies in the same industry. Another risk which the company faces is that the nature of the services provided this particular company is very narrow and thus the company is likely to get outrival by the other companies which offer more diverse options to the business organizations (Rubin, Aas and Stead 2015). The economic recession which the world is facing at the moment also poses as a threat to the prospects of the company in the longer run. The new start-up company Afterpay, on the other hand, founded in the year 2014 by Nick Molnar offers help to the customers in the way they make online transactions (Afterpay.com. 2018). This particular company believes in evolving the retail status quo to provide customers a better way to shop (Afterpay.com. 2018). However, the company faces a significant amount of risk and the most important ones are listed below- The economic recession which the world is facing at the moment is likely to hurt the prospects of the company in the longer run since it operates in the financial sector itself. The risk which the company faces from the various competitors in the same sector is also very significant. Another risk which the investors need to take into consideration is the fact that the company enables the customers to pay the money for the products which they buy in 4 easy installments. However, it is often seen that the customers does not pay the remaining installments after they have got their products delivered. Therefore, this poses a significant amount of risk to the company. Therefore, the various investors as well as the entrepreneur need to take these risks faced by the various new start-up companies into consideration for the formulation and the implementation of strategies which is likely to bring about the overall growth and the development of their business operations (cs, Szerb and Autio 2015). In addition to this, the investors needs to make a thorough inspection of the company and also the nature of their business and the risks faced by them before making into investment in these business organizations (cs, Szerb and Autio 2015). It is significant to note that the risks posed by the competitors and economic can easily be overcome by the development of effective strategies and thus the primary focus of the investors and the entrepreneur should be on the nature of the business of the company and the prospects of their future growth. Ethical Issues The various ethical issues arise when the business organizations have to make a decision as regards to whether they should do the thing which is likely to enhance the prospects of their business or the thing which is ethically correct (Slade and Prinsloo 2013). The ethical issues faced by the company PurePonics are listed below- Focus more on the quantity rather than the quality of the products manufactured by it. Use of unhealthy chemicals to increase it amount of products manufactured by it. The supply of chemically prepared food products to the customers. The ethical issues faced by the company Uptick are listed below- The use of the data and financial records of the company to which it provides services The unethical use of the latest innovations as well as technology The use of unethical means to bring about the overall growth as well as development of their business The ethical issues faced by the company Afterpay are listed below- The use of the financial details of the customers in an unethical manner The charging of unjustified interest rates from the customers The use of the identity of the customers to do unethical things These ethical issues play a vital role in the decision making process of the business organizations concerned. It is often seen that there is a tendency among the business organizations to bring about an overall growth as well as development of their business organization and to achieve this particular goal the business organizations often resort to activities which can improve their prospects but are very unethical (Ford and Richardson 2013). Therefore, the various investors as well as the entrepreneurs need to take these factors into consideration as their association with a business organization which uses unfair means to increase its business can harm their reputation as well in the longer run by their association with those business organizations (Slade and Prinsloo 2013). Top Three Risks / Ethical Issues It is significant to note that on the basis of the above given analysis there are three major risk factors and ethical issues which the three new start-up companies face at the moment. The primary risk which the all the new start-up companies face is the risk from the factor of economic recession (Franks et al. 2014). It is to be noted that the economic factor plays an important role in the overall growth as well as the development of the business organizations. Therefore, if there is a recession then it is likely to affect the business of the various new start-up companies in a significant manner. The new start-up companies require an economic stable environment more than the already established companies as they need to take care of the cost of the establishment of the company, promotional costs and various others and in addition to these the new start-up companies generally do not reliable investors until and unless they have well established themselves in the market. Therefore, t he risk factor related to the economic recession is likely to play a significant role in the process of the overall growth as well as the development of the business organizations concerned (Franks et al. 2014). The second risk factor which the various new business organizations need to take into consideration is the threat from the competitors who have already established themselves in the business. It is significant to note that the risk from the competitors is a significant one for all the business organizations however for the new start-up companies it is a bit more as in the initial phase of their business they need to consider not only the variousmanagement and promotional issues but also the threat from the competitors who have already established themselves in the business long ago and use various innovative and new strategies to outrival their competitors in the business market. The primary ethical issue which the various new start-up business organizations face is whether they should focus on quality or quantity (Ford and Richardson 2013). It is significant to note that the major interest of the start-up companies is to capture the market with their products and thus many of the business organizations end up using unethical means for the production of the products and services offered by them to the customers. Therefore, the business organizations are often in a dilemma whether they do the thing which will lead to the overall growth as well as the development of the business organization concerned or they should do the thing which is ethically correct even if it might hurt the prospects of the business organization in the longer run (Floyd et al. 2013). Conclusion To conclude, the new start-up business organizations face a considerable amount of risk and also ethical issues. In this particular context it is interesting to note that almost all the business organizations face a considerable amount of business risks and ethical issues however the risks as well as ethical issues faced by the new start-up business organizations in more in comparison to the ones faced by the already established ones. Therefore, the new start-up business organizations need to device various effective strategies by means of which they can outrival the already established ones in the business market. It is significant to note that these strategies need to innovative as well as in synchronization with the requirements of the present times for them to be effective. In addition to that, the new start-up business organizations can also take the help of various risk mitigation strategies in a bid to bring about their overall growth and development. References cs, Z.J., Szerb, L. and Autio, E., 2015. The global entrepreneurship and development index. InGlobal Entrepreneurship and Development Index 2014(pp. 39-64). Springer, Cham. Afterpay.com. 2018.Afterpay it! - Afterpay - Shop Now. Get it Now. Pay it in 4.. [online] Available at: https://www.afterpay.com/en-AU/index [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018]. Bell, L.W., Moore, A.D. and Kirkegaard, J.A., 2014. Evolution in croplivestock integration systems that improve farm productivity and environmental performance in Australia.European Journal of Agronomy,57, pp.10-20. Cannone, G. and Ughetto, E., 2014. Born globals: A cross-country survey on high-tech start-ups.International Business Review,23(1), pp.272-283. Floyd, L.A., Xu, F., Atkins, R. and Caldwell, C., 2013. Ethical outcomes and business ethics: Toward improving business ethics education.Journal of business ethics,117(4), pp.753-776. Ford, R.C. and Richardson, W.D., 2013. Ethical decision making: A review of the empirical literature. InCitation classics from the Journal of Business Ethics(pp. 19-44). Springer, Dordrecht. Franks, D.M., Davis, R., Bebbington, A.J., Ali, S.H., Kemp, D. and Scurrah, M., 2014. Conflict translates environmental and social risk into business costs.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(21), pp.7576-7581. Kuivalainen, O., Saarenketo, S. and Puumalainen, K., 2012. Start-up patterns of internationalization: A framework and its application in the context of knowledge-intensive SMEs.EuropeanManagement Journal,30(4), pp.372-385. Otim, S., Dow, K.E., Grover, V. and Wong, J.A., 2012. The impact of information technology investments on downside risk of the firm: alternative measurement of the business value of IT.Journal ofManagement Information Systems,29(1), pp.159-194. Rubin, T.H., Aas, T.H. and Stead, A., 2015. Knowledge flow in technological business incubators: Evidence from Australia and Israel.Technovation,41, pp.11-24. Sigala, M., 2017. Collaborative commerce in tourism: implications for research and industry.Current Issues in Tourism,20(4), pp.346-355. Slade, S. and Prinsloo, P., 2013. Learning analytics: Ethical issues and dilemmas.American Behavioral Scientist,57(10), pp.1510-1529. Uptick.com. 2018.Uptick. [online] Available at: https://www.uptick.com/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2018].

Landscape Architecture for Risks and Uncertainties -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theLandscape Architecture for Risks and Uncertainties. Answer: Introduction Urbanization can be defined in a number of ways. For instance, it can be defined as a rise in the uses of energy as result of the increased population together with extensive modification of the landscape. In the United States, urbanization is slowly gaining mileage in most states as most places are being turned into urban centers. It results in a system which makes it difficult for the existence of natural resources since most of the places that perhaps would be occupied by the natural resources are taken up by the buildings and the structures(Brown, 2008). Hence, natural areas in the context of urban set up are defined as those areas which are not occupied by human beings .hence, those areas can be grouped as ponds, lakes, parks or even streams. The main aim of this research paper is to determine how urbanization can be integrated into the context of the ecological research topic.in this research paper, the analysis is provided which clearly demonstrates how urbanization provides ecological answers and the importance of urbanization. Besides, a framework which entails ecological urbanization has also been providing. The I rise of urban centers in most parts of the North America is a sufficient evidence that there is a great need for the ecosystems with regards to urbanization,(Clarke, 2015). The differences in physical, chemical and biotic ecosystems related to urbanization provide an exemplary connection that can be exploited by ecology. To offer a solution to the currently existing ecological challenges, land planners and landscape architects are tasked with a unique duty towards the society. These are personnels that have the technological expertise on the land design, planning and solving problems. There exist some examples of land that exhibit beautiful and impressive harmonies. An example is the national parks and the Italian cemetery which the planner and designer ensured that much focus is directed towards culture and nature .the environments were encompassed with biological patterns, wetlands, water, wind, wildlife and physical process. Review and findings Terms and definition Landscape urbanism the theory behind landscape urbanism dictates that the primary and fundamental block of the buildings designed in the city should be the landscape .traditionally, buildings and roads assisted the designer in planning for the urban organization. Urban ecology the ecology refers to the subject that greatly focuses on the urban region and the landscape .the theory describes the landscape as the ecological unit which comprises of structures and functions in a matrix form. The landscape features include the strip, line and the corridors. Hence urban ecology provides much emphasis on the approach to understanding the patterns, drives and the result of the landscape(Brown, 2008) Components of culture and ecology The components include aesthetics, social patterns, transportation, economics, and waste handling. Despite the divergence of these components in the recent past, some of the practices have been maintained. For instance, ecology had gained ground and disintegrated from planning and design .in most cases, the areas that have been of core concentration by the architects and the land planers includes small parks, housing clusters and shopping malls. Human Impacts on ecosystems and landscapes During the early time, it was a necessity for a human to take care of the ecosystems as in the modern day society. This is because nature was able to take care of itself and the human activities were limited. With the ever-growing threat of human population, the biosphere capacity in regards to sustaining the human and plant life keeps decreasing with time. Besides, this has also been contributed to the new technological advancements and the increased use of energy. Currently, all the challenges that the society aces are attributed to the social complexity and the physical science simplicity of humanity within nature itself(Clode, 2010). The increased technological adoption has created some activities which pose as threats to the whole planet. These activities include global warming. Chemical toxicities, depletion of the ozone layer and the slow decrease in biodiversity. Nevertheless, it cant be fully ruled that all the technological activities have completely resulted in negative impacts on the environment.an instance is the acid rains in America and Europe which have been mitigated by the continued use of scrubbers in the ejection of sulphur dioxide. Thus, generally, the human impacts are poised to have a long-term effect mostly on our children and grandchildren. Ecological patterns Regions and land mosaics The main focus of most human is limited to only their own homes, commercial developments and at times to towns surrounding them without realizing that more and crucial forces are losing their value daily. Enacting some new technologies to create solutions even to particular natural areas is not possible since new technological challenges arise thus to bring a solution easily means that those areas are kind of segregated its when they can be managed. The rise in the mortality growth results into increase in population in the cities. However sometimes population drops are experienced as a result of economic fluctuations thereby leading to immigration and emigration. A detailed approach towards the ecological patterns of the urban centres reveals the dynamic mosaic nature of the people. The society boundaries are complex such that even with the use of a satellite, it becomes difficult to reveal the exact boundaries of the city. Some of the ecological patterns that are visible are the bi oecology and Ecoregions. Ecology and design Nature has always been considered as a reflection of culture. This is because most of the landscapes are a function of both a natural phenomenon and human intelligence. The landscapes are designed by the human hands in collaboration with the mind, plants and animals, and finally sun and rain. The values and belief that are held by landscape designers play a pivotal role towards the relation of nature and culture whereas the concept of nature varies widely ranging from place to place, period to period and persons to persons. The landscape designs literally and figuratively help in constructing nature(Committee, 2006). Environmental management During the last century, there has been a great and significant change in the nature of human habitation from rural to urban. The logical research focused on the urban ecology particularly on patches and entire structure contributions reveal the direct relationship to ecosystems. There lie several benefits with regards to the operation of the ecosystems in the urban boundaries .or instance in the flow of water alongside the promotion of health and environment helps in improving the life in the cities. Case studies of projects that were undertaken by designs Australian estate The Australian estate was strategically positioned land and research says that not even a single estate has enjoyed the cool and strategic positioning like Australia. Approximately covering 7.8 million square kilometres, Australian estate encompassed a broad diversity of cultures and species. Europeans still being unaware of the land, they only came to later realize that seasons were not predictable and was marked by dry and wet seasons. Besides, approximately 70% of the plant life in Australia tolerate on need fire. Hence, the consciousness learnt that plants therein had the capability of tolerating fire became a significant element towards how land could be managed.it allowed the burning of plants thereby allowing the regeneration process which benefited the grazing animals by providing them with anew habitat and feeding.by then, the animals did not have so many predators, perhaps the humans only(Handmer, 2008). Besides, there were religious sanctions and laws regarding ecological philosophy were enacted in the land which ensures that all the persons had the responsibility of taking care of the environment. This ensured that there was no wilderness in Australian estate. The Australian natives were guided by the law which stated that they had to leave the worlds the way they had found it. Only activities that were allowed were those which allowed the balance of life but not its degradation. Millennium parklands The millennium park was greatly affected by industrialization. For instance, the home bush, waterways and the Sydney were initially occupied by mangrove wetlands and water path before the occupation by the European settlers .besides, the waterway that currently represents the millennium park had been occupied by a large industry of ammunition and was the biggest dumping site of the industrial wastes. Once there was an opinion from the society regarding the use of local land and culture e, the Australians decided to protect the land. The dumping stopped and only activities which ensure ecological sustainability were allowed such as landscape designs and housing. Urban ecology Urban places are characterized by a large number of population and buildings. The buildings and the pavement limit the pace that is available for both human and plant life .these urban centers normally experience some changes in terms of their structure which comes as a result of the ongoing fragmentation and the physical disturbance. besides, there is also the aspect of the urban temperatures being high due to the industrial activities in the places and finally there is the aspect of the town soil quality which keeps on changing with time from the chemical activities .there are three main categories of landscape based on the land history, land vegetation, and the necessities of maintenance .the categories includes(Schmithsen, 2014) Natural leftover landscape this refers to the land which comprises of natural plants that grow on the natural soil without any disturbance Efficient landscape this refers to the landscape that is being managed and consists of parks, cemeteries and gardens. These landscapes are marked by plants that grow on fertile soils and they are highly conserved Abandoned landscape this is the largest portion of land that has been occupied by the city .basically, they are plants which are not maintained a sometimes they suffer the consequences of being brought down as a result of negligence an lack of care by anyone. Ecological restoration These can be defined as activities which are directed towards assisting the environment to regain its sustainability and healthiness by attempting to make the environment gain its initial condition despite the presence of many limiting factors .in other words , ecological restoration can be defined as helping an environment that has been damaged to be back into its previous or normal condition. Ecological restoration is characterized by it being able to perform its normal roles, contain natural species, reproducing population, self-sustainability of the ecosystem and finally characteristic collection species(Katherine, 2000). Methods of ecological restoration Phytoremediation of organic contaminants in soil and groundwater This technique is applied to new equipments during the cleaning of places that had been highly chemically contaminated and it is applied in both the organic and inorganic pollutants .under this method, we have some other methods including Ground cover plant and Constructed Wetlands. Most of the industrial activities pollute the environment and in most of the western countries, this has been able to be mitigated by the use of enacting legislative acts on the environmental conservation. Metabolism of xenobiotic in plants This technique operates in three phases which includes the transformation phase where the xenobiotic is chemically modified by the help of oxidation substances. The second phase includes the conjugation phase whereby xenobiotic which has been transformed are inactivated thereby rendering them harmless. Finally, the last phase is the compartmentalization where the xenobiotic which has been rendered harmless are taken into cell compartments. Phytoremediation This refers to the elimination of the plant pollutants by the use of green vegetation .it has been categorized into very many areas including; use of contaminates more so in the elimination of metals from the soil(Tony, 2014). Other methods include; Minimization of bioavailability by the use of plants Volatilization of pollutants Absorption of pollutants by the use of roots of green plants Degradation of the organic contaminants. Removal of contaminated air. Practical applications During the analysis of project related to ecosystems, there are factors which are taken into consideration at the same time but not separately. This factor includes legal, social, microclimate, topographic and specific site information. The applications can either be schematic or hypothetical Schematic application There exist six schematic applications which justifies the principles of ecology. They include Regional application sometimes known as the microscale application which includes a regional wildlife park or can even entail a project in the suburban development Site of micro scale this refers to the cluster of the garden backyard and the corridor for the movement of the wildlife Landscape also known as mesoscale that includes a new road and an urban park(Russell, 2009). Urban conservation Most of the architects and land designers have shifted much focus on the urban areas and this focus can either promote national and regional developments towards attaining a sustainable environment or can be a great source of hunch back. Research says that professional architects have had plans of constructing cities which improve the environment using alternative building techniques such as green buildings .there are factors that should first be taken into consideration towards achieving a green society. These factors include Density the density of the area that is intended to be occupied by a building should be taken into account. Municipal regulations which dictate the habitation unity per hectare, the water supply, parking space, waste management and street width should be considered. This is because higher concentrations in the city results in a threat to the effective management of resources and preservation of species Community the community refers to the interaction of the persons within their surroundings, hence a builder should be able to erect a multifamily structure which provides opportunities to the whole community(Webster, 2008). Automobile the urban industry is dominated by the automobile sector more so the highways, streets, roads etc. The building should be placed in such a ways that there is less pollution from the automobiles and that the buildings themselves do not promote urban congestion thereby creating a lot of traffic jams. Other factors which need consideration include the landscape ecology, politics, and the convergence of ecology and public attitudes Planning and design of ecological networks in urban areas Ecological networks are very significant in ensuring that there is freedom of movement in the corridors particularly for the wildlife and also linkage of the pavements and patches .hence, the development of ecological networks in the urban centers should adopt the greenway techniques which refers to the implementation of the networks in collaboration with green spaces and green belt thereby enhancing green infrastructure(Brown, 2008). Conclusion The research project has provided a Demonstration and analysis of the understanding of the fundamentals of landscape and urban ecology, landscape phenomena, ecological patterns and processes. The manner in which the Landscape Architecture can substantiate its claims and deliver on its promise of ecological design in the increasingly contested and changing world of the Anthropocene has also been presented. From the research, t can be an inference that the adoption of greenway techniques is among the best methods that will help promote the ecological sustainability. various architectural theories have also been providing additionally, various key principles, theory and methods of landscape ecology and the integration of ecological design principles into landscape architecture and planning across small and large scales have also been discussed. This has been punctuated by two key case studies i.e. the millennium park and the Australian estate on how the design principles had been integr ated .the relationship between nature and culture and the influence of the relationship and the practice of a Landscape Architect has been intricately elaborated and it can be applied in different geographical regions(Russell, 2009). References Chrichton, T. (2009). ARCHITECTURES. South Australia: Country Fire Services. Chris, T. (2008). LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE (illustrated ed.). Sussex: Envirobook. Clarke, S. (2015). ECOLOGICAL PATTERNS (reprint ed.). Food Agriculture Org. Clode, D. (2010). urban ecology. Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing. Committee, F. (2016). ecological networks. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Edward, J. (2012). The RISK MANAGEMENT Manual (2 ed.). Welshpool: FESA, Fire Emergency Services Authority of Western Australia. Johann, D. (2014). ecology. Cape Town: African Minds. John, H. (2008). Community landscape (illustrated ed.). Clayton: Csiro Publishing. Julia, D. (2012). An Economic Evaluation of Bushfire Prevention and Suppression in Victoria. London: Performance Evaluation Division, Department of Natural Resources and Environment. Mannix, I. (2011). RISKS AND UNCERTAINTIES. New York City: HarperCollins Publishers. McDonald, R. (2009). Introduction to Natural and Man-made Disasters and Their Effects on Buildings. Abingdon: Routledge. Phil, S. (2008). Grassfires: Fuel, Weather and Fire Behaviour (illustrated, revised ed.). Clayton: Csiro Publishing. Rarry, L. (2008). CONSTRUCTION SITES (reprint ed.). Ithaka: Australian Government Publishing Service. Ramsay, C. (2013). Landscape and Building Design (illustrated ed.). Clayton: Csiro Publishing. Raymond, D. (2012). Environmental Management and Governance: Intergovernmental Approaches to Hazards and Sustainability (illustrated ed.). Oxfordshire: Taylor Francis. Russell, J. (2009). Culture, Ecology and Economy of Fire Management in North Australian Savannas: Rekindling the Wurrk Tradition. Melbourne: Csiro Publishing. Schmithsen, F. (2014). Cross-sectoral Policy Developments in architecture. Oxfordshire: CABI. Webster, J. (2008). Essential Risk Management Safety Tips. Clayton: Csiro Publishing. Webster, K. (2010). architectural constructions (illustrated ed.). Random House.

A Comparison of the Climates in Three Locations in the World essays

A Comparison of the Climates in Three Locations in the World essays The world features a number of regions with climates that can be very diverse. I am comparing the general climates focusing on average temperatures, rainfall and snowfall amounts, and sunrise/sunset times of three locations in the world: London, England, United Kingdom; Sydney, Australia; and Verkhoyansk, Siberia, Russian Federation. London is in a temperate zone of the world, average temperatures don't vary far from freezing in the winter to quite warm in the summer. The temperatures average around just above freezing in the mid-winter, around January, to about 22C at the peak of summer, in July and August (Henson 272). Average rainfall ranges around 988 mm in January to around 315 mm in July (Henson 272). Throughout a year, London may get an average of 25 days when snow has fallen. Since London is in a temperate zone the North Temperate Zone, to be exact the Summer Solstice is either on 20 or 21 June of every year; and the Winter Solstice is on either 21 or 22 December of every year (Silverstein 29 30). Sunrise and sunset times are pretty evenly distributed across the year; with mid-March clocking in at 06:14 for sunrise and 18:04 for sunset, mid-June having sunrise at 04:44 and sunset at 21:16, mid-September's sunrise being at 06:04 and sunset at 19:14, and mid-December's sunrise occurring at 07:57 and sun set at 15:52 (Henson 272). Sydney, another city in a temperate zone this time the South Temperate Zone has similar temperature ranges as London, with approximitely 26C (in mid-December) being the highest on average found in a year and about 7C (in mid-July) being the lowest on average for the year (Henson 353). Since Sydney is in the South Temperate Zone, the seasons begin at opposite times of the year from London; with summer starting on either 21 or 22 December and winter beginning on either 20 or 21 June of every year (Silverstein 30). Rainfall is a litt ...

The 1st Punic War

The 1st Punic War One of the problems with writing ancient history is that much of the data  just isnt available any longer. The evidence for early Roman history is notoriously problematic. Roman historians developed extensive narratives, preserved most fully for us in two histories written in the late ï ¬ rst century bc, by Livy and by Dionysius of Halicarnassus (the latter in Greek, and fully extant only for the period down to 443 bc). However, Roman historical writing only began in the late third century bc, and it is clear that the early accounts were greatly elaborated by later writers. For the period of the kings, most of what we are told is legend or imaginative reconstruction.Warfare and the Army in Early Rome,- A Companion to the Roman Army Eyewitnesses are in particularly short supply. Even second-hand accounts can be hard to come by, so its significant that in their A History of Rome, historians M. Cary and H.H. Scullard say that unlike earlier periods of Rome, the history of the period of the First Punic War comes from annalists who had contact with actual eye-witnesses. Rome and Carthage fought the Punic Wars during the span of years from 264 to 146 B.C. With both sides well-matched, the first two wars dragged on and on; eventual victory went, not to the winner of a decisive battle, but to the side with the greatest stamina. The Third Punic War was something else entirely. Carthage and Rome In 509 B.C. Carthage and Rome signed a friendship treaty. In 306, by which time the Romans had conquered almost the entire Italian peninsula, the two powers reciprocally recognized a Roman sphere of influence over Italy and a Carthaginian one over Sicily. But Italy was determined to secure dominance over all of Magna Graecia (the areas settled by Greeks in and around Italy), even if it meant interfering with the dominance of Carthage in Sicily. The First Punic Wars Begin Turmoil in Messana, Sicily, provided the opportunity the Romans were looking for. Mamertine mercenaries controlled Messana, so when Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, attacked the Mamertines, the Mamertines asked the Phoenicians for help. They obliged and sent in a Carthaginian garrison. Then, having second thoughts about the Carthaginian military presence, the Mamertines turned to the Romans for help. The Romans sent in an expeditionary force, small, but sufficient to send the Phoenician garrison back to Carthage. Carthage responded by sending in a larger force, to which the Romans responded with a full consular army. In 262 B.C. Rome won many small victories, giving it control over almost the entire island. But the Romans needed control of the sea for final victory and Carthage was a naval power. The First Punic War  Concludes With both sides balanced, the war between Rome and Carthage continued for 20 more years until the war-weary Phoenicians just gave up in 241. According to J.F. Lazenby, author of The First Punic War, To Rome, wars ended when the Republic dictated its terms to a defeated enemy; to Carthage, wars ended with a negotiated settlement. At the end of the First Punic War, Rome won a new province, Sicily, and began to look further. (This made the Romans empire builders.) Carthage, on the other hand, had to compensate Rome for its heavy losses. Although the tribute was steep, it didnt keep Carthage from continuing as a world-class trading power. Source Frank Smitha The Rise of Rome

Trifles a drama by Susan Glaspell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Trifles a drama by Susan Glaspell - Essay Example The wives, Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale accompany the men to take some personal belongings for Mrs. Wright. The men get busy looking for evidence to account for the murder and leave the women to the â€Å"trifles†. It is then that they look around and find the various things in the kitchen and the room upstairs to establish a plausible connection between the murder and the objective. Starting out from the title, â€Å"trifles†. Trifles are things which are little, irrelevant and insignificant. The irony of the matter is that the â€Å"trifles† are so just for the men, and they mean quite a lot to the women. The ruined fruit reserves, symbolize the state of Minnie’s life - she too must have bottled up under the watchfulness of John Wright. The comment Wright makes about wanting only â€Å"peace and quiet† might throw some light on the loneliness of their lives. The messy tabletop also points out to things undone, which could have been because of the disturbed state of mind of Minnie. The coldness in the house also suggests the solemn and sad atmosphere in which they lived. Mrs. Hale comments that the house was never lively, it was down the hollow and did not look up the road and that is why she never felt like coming there. It is evident that a place which looks dreary from the outside must have been quite a burden to live in for Minnie. This coldness also symbolizes the warmth leaving the relationship between the two. The house being down in the hollow, John’s refusal to the party telephone, the childless home, all indicate the lonesomeness of the couple. Minnie who was cheerful and would dress up nice, now stayed in all the time with her songbird as her child. The death of the bird is empathized by Mrs. Peters in remembering the death of her own 2 years old child. What that meant to Mrs. Peters now meant the same to Mrs. Wright. This highlights the graveness of the wrung neck of

Arts Administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Arts Administration - Essay Example Organizations are feeling the need to address the problem of the deficit brought about by the problems in the economy (Bonser, 2005). Arts administrators have been very much needed the past few years in various profit and non-profit organizations dedicated to the culture and the arts. This only proves that the society and the economy that caters to arts are already embracing the business component of their endeavors (Bonser, 2005). Choosing arts administration as a field of study can open up to various possibilities in the arts industry. It also promises a big contribution to the society. Arts administrators, dedicated and well-trained, are expected to help the arts institutions to confront the financial situation and organizational limits and to cater to the interests and needs of the clients and enthusiasts. At the same time, the arts administrators are also expected to have the understanding of what counts in the artistic community (Bonser, 2005). In the United States alone, there are various schools that offer Arts Administration program. These schools and universities offer considerable courses for their students and they have very comprehensive curriculum. These institutions are known for their strong commitment in developing the capabilities and skills of the students, thereby providing a strong support to the current state and the future of the arts community (Bonser, 2005). Fashion Institute of Technology The Fashion Institute of Technology or FIT is located in New York. The school is based in the middle of the city, just perfect for the institute which provides a link between creativity and commerce. It provides academic programs for students who want a career in the arts industry with at least 30 fields to choose from. The courses vary from the Master's to Bachelor's and Associate's Degree. The programs vary. There is the credit certificate program, online course and international programs (FIT, 2006). FIT recognizes the need to go beyond instilling among the students a good background in history of the arts. This is why a number of the programs FIT offers today also teach skills in technology and business. The Fashion Institute of Technology has Associate Degree and Bachelor of Science Degree Programs that have a comprehensive curriculum, covering a specific arts field and the other disciplines required in management for that specific field. Some of these programs are the Fashion Merchandising Management, Production Management and Visual Management. They incorporate the significant resources of the school in the field of Arts and Design, Liberal Arts, and Business and Technology. Through this, school aims to be able to develop the communication and business skills among the students (FIT, 2006). FIT also offers Arts Administration in its Graduate Program in Art Market: Principles and Practice. This was formerly known as the Gallery and Retail Art Administration. It prepares its students for careers in art galleries, auction houses, art market services or public art administration. There are classes in art history and history of collecting. There are also courses tackling practical disciplines like art law, professional ethics, design and management of galleries, business and marketing. Applicants for the graduate program must

Representations of Gigantism in Art and Architecture Essay

Representations of Gigantism in Art and Architecture - Essay Example While the office of the Presidency was supposed to come with a great deal of prestige, it had far less privilege and entitlement associated with it than the inherited titles of royalty that were, in the early 1800’s, the most common form of government.  One word that is used to refer to a particular degree of size is â€Å"gigantic.†Ã‚   Small children use this word when they see blimps up close, or skyscrapers, or magical characters in cartoons.   Objects (and beings) of such excessive size are beheld at once with wonder and fear, a combination which sometimes is described with the word â€Å"awe.†Ã‚   There are several ways in which the concept of the gigantic can engage the senses.   As was referenced in the opening anecdote, there is always a sense of comparison that goes on in defining the gigantic – and this sense is always accompanied by a stark sense of contrast between the size of the viewer, and the normal objects with which the viewer is g enerally familiar, and the size of the object in question.   The idea does not have to refer to a static object, of course:   the ways in which the genie Aladdin assumes such gigantic proportions in the popular Disney movie has much more to do with the swirling, undulating motions that the genie makes, than with the actual size that the genie ends up having.   It can have to do with the scope of a story, not just the size of a particular painting’s frame. When it comes to architecture, the idea of the gigantic goes back almost as far as recorded human history itself.   The Old Testament refers.

Degradation of Blood Sourced Dna on Knives

Degradation of Blood Sourced Dna on Knives Persistence of DNA: An examination of degradation of blood sourced DNA on knives, by household substances and the forensic implications A  review of relevant and current peer-reviewed literature Contents (Jump to) Incidence of homicides Knife crime Forensic presumptive tests Phenolphthalein and Leucomalachite False positives Luminol Luminol variations False positives DNA qPCR Singleplex Multiplex RFLP STRs LCN Advancing techniques Forensic Markers General Household Cleaners Bleaches Detergent All-purpose cleaner Anti-Bacterial disinfectant Similar studies Research project outline References Figures Figure 1. Incidence of homicide victims and accused 2003-2013 Tables Table 1.  Homicide figures and methods of killing from 2003-2013 Table 2.  Homicide methods in Lothian and Borders 2006-11 Abbreviations CODIS – Combined DNA index system DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid LCN Low copy number LMG – Leucomalachite green PCR – Polymerase chain reaction qPCR – Real time Polymerase chain reaction RFLP –Restriction fragment length polymorphisns SGM – Second generation multiplex STR – Short tandem repeat Often after an assault with a weapon, i.e. a stabbing or murder, attempts are made to clean and or dispose of the weapon used. The most readily available weapon is a knife, whether the attack is pre-planned or ‘spur of the moment’, knifes are easily available to buy and are also, part and parcel with every household i.e. kitchen. Incidence of homicides Incidences of homicide in Scotland are at the lowest point for ten years, having dropped from 109 in 2003 to 62 in 2013, as seen in Figure 1. Fig 1. Incidence of homicide victims and accused 2003-2013 (ScotGov, 2013) Table 1. Homicide figures and methods of killing from 2003-2013 (ScotGov, 2013) Table 1 shows that homicide using a sharp instrument is the most common method, at the highest point in 2010-11 was 61% and at the lowest point in 2005-06 was 35.79%. Knife crime Table 2 shows that more than half (58.2%) of the murders committed in Lothian and borders between 2006 and 2011 used a kitchen knife. Table 2. Homicide methods in Lothian and Borders 2006-11, Adapted from (Kidd, Hughes and Crichton, 2013) Forensic presumptive tests Forensic presumptive tests can be used at scenes of crimes for various reasons. They can test to see what a substance might be i.e. drugs, blood. There are various reagents available for use in the presumptive testing for the presence of blood at a crime scene, using varied types of reactions. Phenolphthalein and Leucomalachite Phenolphthalein is the main reagent used in the Kastle-Meyer presumptive test for blood. This test is mainly used one unidentifiable stains, therefore this is used upon visible (patent) samples. The Kastle-Meyer test is a catalytic method, the phenolphthalein will cause an alkaline solution to turn pink after its oxidation by peroxide when blood is present. According to (Johnston et al., 2008), it will detect blood as dilute as 1 part in 10,000. False positives There are several false positives for the test and these include according to (Virkler and Lednev, 2009) chemical oxidants and fruit and may also include vegetable peroxidases. (Garofano et al., 2006), show that the Kastle-Meyer, Phenolphthalein, test is not as sensitive to blood as Luminol, which is stated as detectable to 1 part in 10,000,000. Leucomalachite Green or LMG is another widely used catalytic method to presumptive test for blood. It works by the same principle as Kastle-Meyer with the exception of the stain being gently rubbed with filter paper containing the reagent. After no colour has developed hydrogen peroxide is again added as in Kastle-Meyer and a green colour change in this case is in indicative of the presence of Blood. Johnston et al, also state that Leucomalachite green has a sensitivity similar to that of Phenolphthalein, 1 part in 10,000. Luminol Luminol is a forensic presumptive test for latent blood, i.e. blood which cannot be seen. Crime scenes are often cleaned afterwards by the perpetrator in an attempt to hide any evidence of what had occurred. Luminol allows crime scene investigators to see the full picture at a cleaned crime scene. Webb et al, 2006, State that Luminol is known as the most sensitive of the presumptive tests currently used at crime scenes. Luminol variations According to (Patel and Hopwood, 2013) There are two more commonly used Luminol formulations. These formulations were developed by Grodsky in 1951, Luminol I, and Weber in 1961, Luminol II. Luminol I or the Grodsky formulation uses a base of sodium carbonate and sodium perborate as the oxidising agent. However Luminol II or the Weber formulation uses a base of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide as its oxidising agent. Commercial luminol products have become more readily available in the recent years and brands such as BlueStar and BlueStar Magnum and Lumiscene, have come onto the market. These products offer the advantage of being easier to prepare than the more traditional formulations. However according to (Quinones et al., 2007) The Grodsky formulation of Luminol I can have a detrimental effect on the ability to subsequently perform DNA analysis in comparison to the Weber and BlueStar alternatives. False positives Luminol’s sensitivity may be an advantage at finding the smallest drop of blood, but it is also its downfall. DNA DNA is without doubt the greatest scientific discovery of forensic use to date. PCR Akane et al., 1994 investigated the role haem from blood played in interfering with DNA and in inhibiting the polymerase chain reaction. This early study suggested that a haem-blood protein complex caused inhibition issues to the polymerase chain reaction and forwarded the investigations into a more reliable PCR technique. qPCR qPCR or real time polymerase chain reaction, RFLP RFLP or Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms STRs STRs or Short tandem repeats, are genetic markers which were first discovered in the early 1990’s. (Edwards et al., 1992) Showed that STRs were an effective tool when used for human identity testing. They showed that there were enough variation through alleles for individuals to be positively identified. STR profiling works by comparing sizes of the sample DNA STRs with standardized databased allelic ladders. New alleles are still being discovered with variations in size which may not be found in commercially available ladders. LCN (Gill et al., 2000) explain that LCN or low copy number, in a PCR amplification technique which can be applied to DNA samples with as little as Kloosterman Kersbergen, 2003, explain that ‘28 + 6’ improved efficacy of DNA sample genotyping. Their 34 cycle PCR technique instead of the normal 28 PCR cycles offered an alternative approach to genotyping forensic DNA samples, which are perhaps low quality or degraded. Low copy number analysis of DNA is not without problems. The most common issues with LCN are allelic drop-out, heterozygote imbalance, stutter peaks/products and unexpected allelic peaks. Allelic drop-out Stutter products Forensic Markers In the US a system known as CODIS is used for DNA profiling. CODIS uses 13 loci and Amelogenin. The loci used are CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, VWA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11. The DNA profiling system used in the UK is SGM Plus (SGM+). This system looks at 11 different loci on different chromosomes (independent inheritance) with a large number of alleles. As well as looking at Amelogenin, the sex marker, the SGM+ includes the markers D2S1338 and D19S433 along with eight CODIS overlapping loci FGA, TH01, VWA, D3S1358, D8S1179, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11. (Cotton et al., 2000) Validated the most recent 11 loci STR DNA analysis method for use in standard forensic casework. The technique was also validated for use in casework involving > 1ng of DNA, i.e. LCN. HUMVWFA31/A (vWA) HUMTHO1 (THO1) HUMFIBRA (FGA) General Household Cleaners If you have committed a crime, disposing or destroying of the evidence is more than likely your next step. More often than not this is problem faced by forensic scientists, that a deliberate attempt to remove any of the biological material i.e. evidence, blood, using a variety of cleaning materials. Most people store their cleaning supplies in their kitchen or bathroom, so general household cleaners are to be examined. Every household will contain basic cleaning materials such as bleaches, detergents, disinfectants and perhaps multi-cleaners. Cleaning materials not only have the ability to potentially cause contamination to of any of the surviving evidence but also to degrade any DNA which may still be present on the evidence. Degradation of the DNA will make it difficult to produce and gain a profile which could be used to link the weapon to the crime. Bleaches Bleaches can cause many problems at crime scenes, thanks to the American television show Crime Scene Investigation (CSI Las Vegas) most people will know that bleach renders the forensic presumptive blood tests pretty much useless. According to (Harris et al., 2006), Out of all the cleaning products on the market bleach also has the most harmful effect on the quality of DNA available to obtain a profile. They also state that bleach seemed to cause continued degradation of the DNA over time. Common brands of household bleaches include Domestos, Harpic, Mr Muscle, Cif and Supermarket own brands. Detergent Common brands of household detergents include Fairy, Imperial leather, Carex, Daz and Bold. Anti-Bacterial disinfectant Common brands of household anti-bacterial disinfectant include Dettol, Savlon, TCP and supermarket own brands. Similar studies Research project outline This study aims to investigate whether the knife substrate has any effect on the quantity of DNA retained on the weapon after an assault; whether deliberate attempts to remove any biological material, using a variety of household cleaning materials, affect the quality and quantity of DNA that is recoverable and if DNA is recovered from a weapon, whether it was initially detected by presumptive blood tests. The knife substrates used here were, 18† Kitchen knife and 20† Serrated kitchen knife. The household cleaning materials were as follows, Bleach (Domestos), Detergent (Fairy) and Anti-Bacterial disinfectant (Dettol). Blood samples are to be applied to the blade of each knife, it should be allowed to air dry and then cleaned until no blood or residues thereof are visible. Each knife should then again be allowed to air dry and be swabbed using a double swab technique. Each cleaning material is applied to the two different knife substrates and the pairs are numbered 3-18, with knife set 1 2 being control, the initial DNA for comparison should be swabbed before the control knifes are dried and washed with warm water only. Cleaning materials should be used according to the manufacturers’ guidelines. PCR will be performed on the extracted samples using The control samples will be used to examine which was the largest contributing factor in compromising the quality and/or quantity of the sample gained. References The Scottish Government, (2013) Statistical Bulletin, Homicide in Scotland 2012-13, {Online} Available: https://alpha.scotland.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/417/Homicide_in_Scotland_2012-13_statistical_bulletin.pdf [Accessed: 02/10/2014] Cotton, E. A., Allsop, R. F., Guest, J. L., Frazier, R. R., Koumi, P., Callow, I. P., Seager, A., and Sparkes, R. L. (2000) Validation of the AMPFlSTR SGM plus system for use in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int. Vol.112(2-3), pp.151-61. Edwards, A., Hammond, H. A., Jin, L., Caskey, C. T., and Chakraborty, R. (1992) Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomics. Vol.12(2), pp.241-53. Garofano, L., Pizzamiglio, M., Marino, A., Brighenti, A., and Romani, F. (2006) A comparative study of the sensitivity and specifity of luminal and fluorescein on diluted and aged bloodstains and subsequent STRs typing. International Congress Series. Vol.1288(0), pp.657-659. Gill, P., Whitaker, J., Flaxman, C., Brown, N., and Buckleton, J. (2000) An investigation of the rigor of interpretation rules for STRs derived from less than 100 pg of DNA. Forensic Sci Int. Vol.112(1), pp.17-40. Harris, K. A., Thacker, C. R., Ballard, D., and Court, D. S. (2006) The effect of cleaning agents on the DNA analysis of blood stains deposited on different substrates. International Congress Series. Vol.1288(0), pp.589-591. Johnston, E., Ames, C. E., Dagnall, K. E., Foster, J., and Daniel, B. E. (2008) Comparison of presumptive blood test kits including hexagon OBTI. J Forensic Sci. Vol.53(3), pp.687-9. Kidd, S., Hughes, N., and Crichton, J. (2013) Kitchen knives and homicide: A systematic study of people charged with murder in the Lothian and Borders region of Scotland. Med Sci Law. Vol.54(3), pp.167-173. Patel, G., and Hopwood, A. (2013) An evaluation of luminol formulations and their effect on DNA profiling. Int J Legal Med. Vol.127(4), pp.723-9. Quinones, I., Sheppard, D., Harbison, S., and Elliot, D. (2007) Comparative Analysis of Luminol Formulations. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. Vol.40(2), pp.53-63. Virkler, K., and Lednev, I. K. (2009) Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes: From laboratory testing to non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Science International. Vol.188(1–3), pp.1-17.

Human Gene Therapy Essay -- Science Genetics Essays

Human Gene Therapy Image what it would be like if doctors could cure Huntington's disease, muscular dystrophy, or even hemophilia. Could this be possible? With gene therapy this all could be reality in the near future. Gene therapy is a potential approach to the treatment of genetic disorders in humans. This is a technique where the absent or faulty gene is replaced by a working gene, so the body can make the correct enzyme or protein and consequently eliminate the root cause of the disease (BIO, 1990). There are two types of gene therapy treatment: Somatic cell gene therapy and germline therapy. Somatic cell gene therapy involves obtaining blood cells from a person with a genetic disease and then introducing a normal gene into the defective cell (Coutts, 1998). This type of gene therapy does not prevent the disease from occurring in the next generation because it does not affect the sperm and egg cells. Somatic cell gene therapy only effects the other body cells. Somatic cell gene therapy has to be done several times over the coarse of the patient's life because the effects do not last very long. The contrast of somatic cell gene therapy is germline therapy. Germline therapy takes place in the reproductive cells. It involves the genetic modification of germ cells that will pass the change on to the next generation (Wilson, 1997). This type of gene therapy only has to be done one time to be permanent. One type of germline therapy is to treat a pre-embryo that carries a serious genetic defect before it is placed back in the mother by in vitro fertilization. Another germline therapy is to treat adult sperm and egg cells so the genetic defect is not passed on to children (Coutts, 1998). If a genetic change occurs, it will ... ...ed age where they will be able to understand the effects of the therapy, they should then be allowed to make their own decision. There are many thoughts that have to go into this procedure, and I think people should be careful when considering a life altering gene therapy. References 1. Biotechnology Industry Organization, 1990. Gene Therapy An - Overview. Obtained from TheWWW.10/16/99: http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/IWT/Gene_Therapy_Overview.html 2. Coutts, M.C., Human Gene Therapy. Obtained from the WWW. 10/16/99: http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/scopenotes/sn24.htm 3. PBS On-Line. What is Gene Therapy. Obtained from the WWW. 10/16/99: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/innovation/show1/html/2sb-therapy.html 4. Wilson, J. IHGT The Institute for Human Gene Therapy. Obtained from the WWW. 10/16/99: http://www.med.upenn.edu/ihgt/info/whatisgt.html

Case Study Irs and Datawarehousing

Interactive Session: Organizations: The Internal Revenue Service Uncovers Tax Fraud with a Data Warehouse Case Study Questions: 1. Why was it so difficult for the IRS to analyze the taxpayer data it had collected? Initially, IRS data were stored in legacy systems designed to process tax return forms efficiently and organized in many different formats, including hierarchical mainframe databases, Oracle relational databases, and non-database â€Å"flat† files.The data in the older style hierarchical databases and â€Å"flat† files were nearly impossible to query and analyze and could not easily be combined with the relational data. 2. What kind of challenges did the IRS encounter when implementing its CDW? What management, organization, and technology issues had to be addressed? The challenges the IRS encountered when it implemented its CDW include: Management: Convincing the organization to undergo a sweeping upgrade like a data warehouse implementation was not easy, sin ce government agencies are normally risk-adverse and resist changes.Data warehouses require extensive effort to keep up-to-date. Organization: The structure of data wasn’t consistent because of tax law changes through the years. This made integration of the data a complicated process. The sheer amount of data that the CDW was slated to manage was far more than anything the IRS had previously handled. Data warehouses tend to require extensive amounts of money to keep up-to-date. Technology: The CDW has grown in capacity from three terabytes at its creation in the late 1990s to approximately 150 terabytes of data.The most important feature of the data warehouse was that it be sufficiently large to accommodate multiple terabytes of data, but also accessible enough to allow queries of its data using many different tools. The components that the IRS selected allowed CDW to do that. Conversion of the legacy data to the new system was not a uniform process. 3. How did the CDW improv e decision making and operations at the IRS? Are there benefits to taxpayers? The CDW enables highly flexible queries against one of the largest databases in the world.IRS researchers can now search and analyze hundreds of millions or even billions of records at one time using a centralized source of accurate and consistent data instead of having to reconcile information from multiple inconsistent sources. The CDW allows the agency to recoup many billions of dollars in tax revenue that was lost under the old system. In 2006 the IRS collected $59. 2 billion in additional revenue via 1. 4 million audits of taxpayers questioned for underreporting taxes. Using the data warehouse, analysts are able to determine patterns in groups of people most likely to cheat on their taxes.The data warehouse reduced the time it takes to trace mistakes in claims and analyze data from six to eight months to only a few hours. The CDW is more secure than the old legacy system storage tapes, thereby better protecting taxpayer data. 4. Do you think data warehouses could be useful in other areas of the federal sector? Which ones? Why or why not? Other federal agencies that might find data warehouses useful include: †¢ Department of Defense: maintain all personnel data from all four branches of the military including active duty, Guard, Reserve, and retired people.During times of war or national emergencies the data warehouse could supply information on people most qualified and available to respond to the emergency. All kinds of information and analyses could be performed if the data were consistent and complete. †¢ Federal Trade Commission: could combine data on consumer-related activities into one data warehouse that would be available to all branches of government and private organizations. Data could help analyze economic situations and factors so that businesses and governments could make faster and better decisions.

Social Security Disability Benefits

Social Security Disability Benefits How Far Back Will Social Security Pay Benefits If I am Found Disabled? Millions of American’s wait months even years for a hearing in order to determine if they qualify for disability benefits. The average wait time is almost two years and in some cases longer than some will live.The wait process is a long and brutal one for those suffering from a disability and in need of help. Many wonder â€Å"How far back will social security pay benefits if I am found disabled?†Ã‚  When it comes to back pay for those found disabled Social Security Disability is a little different than SSI in this area. Social Security Disability will pay benefits back up to one year from the date of application provided that the Social Security finds that you were disabled that far back in time.SSI will only pay back benefits as of the date of application, but will only pay back full months.  For example, if an applicant applied for SSI payments on September 2nd the effective date for payments would be October 1st or the 1st of the month following the protective fil ing date. It is important to not let the amount of time it takes to be granted SSD benefits to discourage you. If you have detailed medical records and an experienced team of Social Security Disability lawyers by your side the process will be less intimidating.If you have been denied social security disability benefits, don’t give up. Call Disability Attorneys of Michigan at  800-949-2900  for a free and confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check. It is very difficult trying to get social security disability benefits on your own in Michigan. Don’t worry; just call  Disability Attorneys of Michigan  for help.If we do not win your disability case, you owe us nothing. We only get paid if we win your disability benefits claim.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping those in Michigan get the disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work, contact Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a f ree consultation at  800-949-2900.Let Michigan’s Leading Social Security Disability Law Firm Help You Get The Benefits You Deserve.  Disability Attorneys of Michigan. Compassionate Excellence.

Biography of Mary Anderson, Windshield Wiper Inventor

Biography of Mary Anderson, Windshield Wiper Inventor Mary Anderson (February 19, 1866–June 27, 1953) was hardly a likely candidate to invent the windshield wiper- especially considering she filed her patent before Henry Ford even started manufacturing cars.  Unfortunately, Anderson failed to reap financial benefits from her invention during her lifetime, and as a result shes been relegated to a footnote in the history of automobiles. Fast Facts: Mary Anderson Known For: Inventing the windshield wiper, before a single one of Henry Fords automobiles was madeBorn: February 19, 1866 on Burton Hill Plantation, Greene County, AlabamaParents: John C. and Rebecca AndersonDied: June 27, 1953 in Monteagle, TennesseeEducation: UnknownSpouse(s): NoneChildren: None. Early Life Mary Anderson was born on February 19, 1866, to John C. and Rebecca Anderson on Burton Hill Plantation in Greene County, Alabama. She was one of at least two daughters; the other was Fannie, who remained close to Mary all her life. Their father died in 1870, and the young family was able to live on the proceeds of Johns estate. In 1889, Rebecca and her two daughters moved to Birmingham and built the Fairmont Apartments on Highland Avenue soon after their arrival. In 1893, Mary left home to operate a cattle ranch and vineyard in Fresno, California but returned in 1898 to help care for an ailing aunt. She and her aunt moved into the Fairmont Apartments with her mother, her sister Fannie, and Fannies husband G.P. Thornton. Andersons aunt brought an enormous trunk with her, which when opened contained a collection of gold and jewelry that allowed her family to live comfortably from that point forward. In the thick of winter in 1903, Anderson took some of that inheritance from her aunt and, eager to make exciting use of the money, took a trip to New York City. The Window Cleaning Device It was during this trip that inspiration struck. While riding a streetcar during a particularly snowy day, Anderson observed the agitated and uncomfortable behavior of the vehicle’s cold driver, who had to rely on all sorts of tricks- sticking his head out of the window, stopping the vehicle to clean the windshield- to see where he was driving. Following the trip, Anderson returned to Alabama and, in response to the problem she witnessed, drew up a practical solution: a design for a windshield blade that would connect itself to the interior of the car, allowing the driver to operate the windshield wiper from inside the vehicle. She filed an application for a patent on June 18, 1903. For her â€Å"window cleaning device for electric cars and other vehicles to remove snow, ice, or sleet from the window,† on November 10, 1903, Anderson was awarded U.S. Patent No. 743,801. However, Anderson was unable to get anyone to bite on her idea. All the corporations she approached- including a manufacturing firm in Canada- turned her wiper down, out of a perceived lack of demand. Discouraged, Anderson stopped pushing the product, and, after the contracted 17 years, her patent expired in 1920. By this time, the prevalence of automobiles (and, therefore, the demand for windshield wipers) had skyrocketed. But Anderson removed herself from the fold, allowing corporations and other business-people access to her original conception. Death and Legacy Although little is known about Mary Anderson, by the 1920s, her brother-in-law had died, and Mary, her sister Fannie, and their mother were again living in the Fairmont Apartments in Birmingham. Mary was managing the building where they lived when she died at their summer home in Monteagle, Tennessee on June 27, 1953. Mary Anderson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2011. The windshield wiper, May Andersons legacy, was adapted for automotive use, and in 1922, Cadillac began installing the wiper as a piece of standard equipment on its cars. Sources Windshield Wiper Inventor, Miss Mary Anderson, Dies. Birmingham Post-Herald, June 29, 1953.  Carey Jr., Charles W. Anderson, Mary (1866–1953), inventory of the windshield wiper. American Inventors, Entrepreneurs, and Business Visionaries. New York: Facts on File, 2002.Mary Anderson: Windshield Wiper. National Inventors Hall of Fame.  Olive, J. Fred. Mary Anderson. Encyclopedia of Alabama, Business and Industry, February 21, 2019.  Palca, Joe. Alabama Woman Stuck in NYC Traffic in 1902 Invented the Windshield Wiper. National Public Radio, July 25, 2017.

Personal Statements on Historical American Events Statement

Statements on Historical American Events - Personal Statement Example The corporations started accumulating large reserves and issuing new stocks and this contributed to the stock market crash. The government has undertaken measures to restructure the corporate world through ensuring corporations are run by hired management and ensuring ordinary citizens have a chance of owning a stake through buying shares in listed companies (Zakim and Kornblith 78). The capitalism influence has been curtailed by organized labor since trade unions bargain for minimum wages and better welfare of workers. This has been occasioned by various laws that govern employment practices and more enlightened workforce. The American capitalism has transformed to cater for all stakeholders in the economy including shareholders, employees, lenders, suppliers, government, and society. The management is responsible for ensuring efficiency and balancing the competing interests of various interested groups such as shareholders and employees. The modern management practices have a sense of responsibility towards the society and general public and companies avoid activities that may harm the environment such as pollution. Accordingly, various laws aim at enhancing perfect competition and limiting the influence of cartels and monopolies. Although the recent financial crisis identified some loopholes in corporate governance, measures have been undertaken to ensure that capitalism promotes ownership of property, good business governance and social responsibility. Capitalism has not hindered the freedoms enjoyed by the citizens. The scope of government is limited in a free market economy and its primary roles include safeguarding private contracts, ensuring law and order and fostering competitive markets. The government is also diversified since state governments provide basic amenities such as schools and sewage disposal depending on their by-laws and thus ensuring

Full case study in Jobber, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012)Principles

Full in Jobber, D. and Ellis-Chadwick, F. (2012)Principles and Practice of Marketing(7thed). London, McGraw-Hil - Case Study Example This would reveal the extent to which the company followed the formal process of marketing planning. Dixons was a product oriented company when it stated its journey in electrical retail segment. Their followed the strategy â€Å"stack-em high – sell-em cheap in brightly coloured stores.† This strategy validated the fact that Dixons focused more towards selling good product in well-designed stores, but customer satisfaction was overlooked and it did not occupy centre position in the strategic approach of the company. A general formal marketing planning process is segregated into four parts that is goal setting, analysing present situations, create marketing strategies and allocate the marketing monitoring system and resources. In the goal setting segment companies set their mission and objectives. Dixons also established its mission to stock products and sell them in brightly coloured stores. Their objective was to offer variety of products and generate lucrative return s. However, the company missed customer service, which its competitors took advantage of. So it can be said that Dixons followed the first step of marketing planning process. The second step is to analyse current situation. The company came to know about its drawbacks during the economic crisis in 2006. It identified that there were major threats of recession in the global market and its competitors Best Buy started grabbing market share by providing better services to customers. At this juncture, Dixons revolutionised its move towards customers. This proves that the company followed the second step of marketing planning process too. The third step is to create marketing strategies, which Dixons rolled out in order to face the intense competition. It can be also called a transformation strategy of the company because it changed the focus of the company from being product oriented to customer oriented. The new business model also re-defined five specific objectives for the company. T he fourth and final stage was to allocate resources and monitor the plan. The major focus was now on after-sales and support and customer choice, value and service was the major function in the new business model. This discussion proves how Dixons followed and applied marketing planning process for devising the strategies (Jobber and Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). Answer 2 Business functions are those operations that are performed in a routine manner to achieve the business objectives of the organisation. In retail chains like Dixons, there are various business functions that they perform such as selling, which include sales, marketing, distribution or logistics, research and development. In supporting functions, activities like purchasing, human resource management, etc are performed. However, these are the internal functions, while the external business function in relation to these functions are advertising, market research, recruitment among others. In this part of the report will throw light on the business functions that supported the marketing plan of Dixons to become a success (Jobber and Ellis-Chadwick, 2012). Before the transformation strategy came into existence, Dixons specifically focused on distribution, supply, purchase and sales. However, after implementing the transformation strategy marketing strategies were enhanced and objectives were altered to develop competitive advantage. According to the new business

Assessment item Business report on tourism services for local Essay

Assessment item Business report on tourism services for local consumers - Essay Example is internationally acclaimed says â€Å"Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes† (House of Commons, 23 June 2000). Tourism industry is one of the most important industries for the economy of any country. Huge number of job opportunities has been created by this industry in almost every part in the world. This paper focuses on the tourism industry in Hong Kong and a special tourism operation in the region. Hong Kong Disney land has been chosen as the special tourism operation. The paper include an in depth service marketing analysis which include analysis of 7’Ps of service marketing. It is needless to say that this analysis has been done in the context of Hong Kong Disney land. Like any other economy tourism industry is also an important pillar of Hong Kong economy. Almost 3.4 percent country’s GDP is contributed by this industry. More than 190,000 people are employed in tourism industry of Hong Kong and this is almost 5.6 percent of country’s total employment. But recent global financial turmoil has greatly affected the industry. It has been found that tourist arrivals in the first half of the last year were down by almost 3.4 percent. Still there were approximately 8.3 million tourist arrivals in the mainland of Hong Kong in the first six months of 2009. There are 158 hotels with more than 57588 rooms in Hong Kong. Number of total hotel room has increased by 9.5% from previous year. It is quite expected that Hong Kong government would promote tourism industry as it is a major contributor to the country’s GDP. There is tourism commission that was set up in 1999 with purpose of providing leadership and policy support to tourism develop ment in the region. Main objective of this commission is to promote and establish Hong Kong as a premier destination to the business and leisure visitors. There is Hong Kong

Revenue allocation Essay Example for Free

Revenue allocation Essay Revenue means income. Allocation means to divide. Revenue allocation is defined as the division of available resources within an organisation or company. At a broader level, it is the process of assigning a cost to the amount of services and products generated. Government revenue is obtained from taxes, licenses and fees and allocated to public facilities. Because of the current revenue allocation formula In Nigeria, though there is a great deal of wealth In the country from the oil Industry, 64% of the population lives below the poverty line. While the federal government akes over half of all the money In the Nigerian federal account, little has been done to promote welfare and development projects that would benefit the general public. According to the Nigerian Revenue Moblllzatlon Allocation and Fiscal Commission, a new revenue allocation formula Is In the works, but It remains to be seen If these measures are enough to remedy the problem. When Nigerias maverick CBN Governor recently In an Interview Justified the sadlstlc, sub-human and horrific terrorist activities going on In the North of Nigeria by attributing It to the fact that 011 evenue was being unfairly shared on the basis of derivation primarily instead of population which is the Norths competitive advantage, I was shocked that such a flawed argument could come from such a respected Nigerian whose controversial reform of the Nigerian banking sector has won him praises and awards locally and internationally. SLS traced the root cause of terrorism in the North to grinding poverty in the North which he claims was caused by Nigerias use of the derivation principle instead of population as the primary yardstick for allocating revenue among he states. He believes that this preference for the derivation principle has short- changed the North and disadvantaged it. I totally disagree with SLS and will articulate in this article my reasons for disagreeing with him and my suggestions on the way forward for Nigeria using history as a guide to arrive at what I believe is a Just solution that will be favourable to all.